Essay on Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder - ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder - ADHD When Mrs. Fallon first described this project to us, I was a little bit skeptical about it. I kept thinking that I had no problems in my life and that I didn’t need any type of conditioning. But then I thought, I’m definitely not perfect and I knew I was definitely overlooking something. Recently I was diagnosed with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) and I felt like I was cheated out of so many years that could have been productive ones. So I decided that for my conditioning project I would test how much medication I should use that would keep my body stable enough to begin a sort of healing and moving on process, kind of like a second chance. After I finished my conditioning I†¦show more content†¦As a person interacting with other people from another ethnic background, I never had problems with other people from different races. I was always known to be a person who gets along with others. I’m pretty much friends with anyone from any type o f race. I don’t think that I have been in forcing other people’s behavior. I do think that I have been enforcing habits on other people though. My smoking cigarettes has giving me a lot of problems. Whenever I used to play sports I would never ever run out of breath but when I started smoking my body began to slow down a little and would run out of breath. I don’t think that there is anyway I will be able to get rid of this problem anytime soon. I have always been a smoker and I think that once I am a father, I will cut down a lot. But till then I will continue to smoke. Now that I feel I have been given a second chance there are a couple bad habits I would like to get rid of in the future. The first one is my laziness. I would really like to get rid of this curse. I call it a curse because it has been a problem since I started high school. It has now followed me into college and I hope that with some type of concentration I will be able to conquer this problem. My second habit is my constantly being distracted when I am learning. Whenever I am in class, I constantly go into another world and I phase out. But this pro blem is due to my ADHD and it took doctors a while to come up with this answer.Show MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1145 Words   |  5 Pages Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? Meghan L. Gonzales National University Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder To Medicate or Not to Medicate with Adderall? The medical world has noticed several changes and improvements during the past century, but maybe none that s as economically rewarding afterward the prescription drug business. New medications turn-up regularRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1162 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is ADHD? â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood† (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). ADHD in real terms is the inability to focus. Several people have describe people with ADHD as skirmish, talkative, and have trouble waiting. ADHD has been previously described as ADD (attention deficit disorder) but the only difference is the â€Å"H†. This â€Å"H† describes how this disorder deals with hyperactivityRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesreasons are simple: Kids get bored easily. This, however, is only mostly true. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a disorder that causes a lack of attention in those who have it, including adults. 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Although Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is growing more and more common among teens and children today, throughRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1166 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has become one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in children and adolescent. â€Å"ADHD is defined as a chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and sometimes impulsivity.† (Disney, 1999) There is concern about the possible connection between ADHD to substance use and abuse, during childhood and adolescence, since it is such an important developmental stage in life. â€Å"Substance abuse disorder is definedRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )963 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Mizeldrick K. Marshall Holmes Community College Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder most commonly diagnosed in children. Children can be diagnosed as early as the age of 7. Boys and girls can be diagnosed with ADHD but this disorder is seen more in the behavior of boys. Adults can also develop symptoms and be diagnosed as well. It was originally called hyperkineticRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1664 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioral disorder of the brain. Textbooks typically depict an individual with ADHD as one who is inattentive, highly distractible, unable to contain stimuli, disorganized and exhibits excessive motor activity (Townsend Morgan, 2017, p. 636). It is easy to define a person by their impulsivity; however, it is difficult to try and understand the reasons behind the behavioral patterns that come along with this disorder. Blake TaylorRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder is a neuro-behavioral disorder typically seen in children. Over the past several years’ attention-deficit hyperactive disorder seems to be on the rise. Since 2011, eleven percent of children ranging from ages four to seventeen were diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (Children with ADHD et. Al. 2016). Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder is a difficult disorder to diagnosis, but once the disorder is diagnosed there are ways to manageRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )754 Words   |  4 Pageschildren who are hyperactive. In contrast to Goodman and Scott (1997), I believe hyperactivity does not necessarily occur due to lack of control. There may be high volumes of hyperactivity that can be controlled through behaviour management strategies (BMS) such as positive reinforcement, self-awareness procedures, and classroom management. Varma (1993). Schachar (1991) suggests that hyperactivity is not recognised as a diagnosis in itself, but is a fundamental component of several disorders such as AttentionRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1210 Words   |  5 PagesADD/ADHD, better known as Attention Deficit Disorder/ Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, is a growing disorder in children and adults alike in the United States. So many people have this disorder now a days that it isn’t a rare thing for a child to be diagnosed with it. In this paper I will go over the cause of ADD/ ADHD, the details about what it actually is and how it affects people, when you need to have the child checked for this disorder, and the many signs and symptoms of ADD/ ADHD disorderRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )992 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical ordeal. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder or ADHD is one out of two of the neurobehavioral disorders that inhibits an individual from focusing on one task at a time. According to fusion.nets article What Adderall does to your brain In the US alone roughly 6.4 million kids and 10 million adults suffer from ADHD. Adderall, Concerta, Vyvanse and Ritalin are just a few of the prescription based stimulant amphetamines pharmaceutical companies have made available to help treat ADHD and ADD disorders

A Critique Of The Quantitative Research - 1909 Words

Quantitative Research Article Critique The purpose of this paper is to provide a critique of the quantitative research study titled â€Å"The relationships among anxiety, anger, and blood pressure in children† (Howell, Rice, Carmon, Hauber, 2007). Research Problem and Purpose Logically placed, the research problem is clearly and concisely stated within the first paragraph of the article. Citing statistical information from the American Heart Association which noted over 50 million Americans are affected by hypertension, the authors build a persuasive argument for identifying risk factors that could lead to the development of hypertension in children. The research problem relates specifically to the development of cardiovascular disease as a result of prolonged hypertension. This is a well-recognized progression and the authors propose that adult hypertension may be avoided if steps are taken to eliminate or modify risk factors at an early age in order to reduce blood pressure. The purpose of the study was to explore the connection of psychosocial and biological factors and their influence on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). More specifically, the research study sought to identify â€Å"the relationship between trait anxiety, trait anger, height, weight, patterns of anger expression, and blood pressure in a group of elementary school children† (Howell et al., 2007, p. 18). The study findings may be beneficial to pediatric and schoolShow MoreRelatedQuantitative Research Critique1540 Words   |  7 PagesThis critique reviewed a quantitative study based upon palliative care and how it met emotional or spiritual needs of the families of patients with serious illnesses. The critique used eight criteria to analyze the quantitative study. 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Research Paper on Tax Incentives in Singapore Free Essays

1. INTRODUCTION 1. Tax Incentives for Investments in Singapore Tax incentives have been an integral part of Singapore’s economic development strategy since the 1960s. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Tax Incentives in Singapore or any similar topic only for you Order Now For more than 30 years, tax incentives have been used to attract investments and create jobs. Now we are the focal point for foreign investments, research and development and services in Asia. Over the years the government has introduced a wide range of tax incentives for a balanced economic growth of the various business sectors. This paper analyses how these incentives play a part in attracting foreign capital inflows to enhance the financial and industrial sectors in Singapore and their effectiveness in achieving our goals. 2. Purpose The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of the tax incentives scene in Singapore, how it works and it effectiveness in achieving our aim of being a vibrant and robust global hub of knowledge-driven economy. 3. Our Research Questions for this Study As part of our research, the following questions were asked to direct us on our study: †¢ What are the tax incentives available under the ITA, EEIA and DTA to attract foreign capital inflows? †¢ How effective are these tax incentives? 4. Methodology We derived our information from books, online journals and other internet resources. 2. BACKGROUND 1. The Birth of the Income Tax Act, EEIA and DTA From a small fishing island to a cosmopolitan country within a span of 44 years is what Singapore has become today, with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008)[1]. As a small island with limited, or rather, no resources to depend on, we have simply taken the world by surprise through the phenomenal economic growth that has taken place in a short period of time (Fordham, 1992)[2]. Our only resources are fish and deepwater sea and despite all the limitations that we were faced with, we have secured a place in the world map as the leading financial, educational, services, manufacturing and research and development hub. Then, â€Å"what is the clandestine of our achievements? † is the question that arises in all our minds. After being separated from Malaya, the government’s ambitious plans for the country to be industrially developed seemed too far-fetched especially with no natural resources to call its own (Fordham, 1992). It did not, however, relent to the fact that achieving its goals is uncertain now with its given economic state. Its leaders knew at that time Singapore needs to promote investment in new industries so that its goals can be achieved. Being under developed and with no achievements or resources to call its own, it was a palpable fact that Singapore had to make radical changes to attract foreign investors,. This is when tax incentives were spotted as a viable option to magnetize foreign capital inflows. The pre-existing Income Tax Act (1948) was evaluated to see how tax incentives could be integrated to accomplish these aspirations. Along with this, in 1967, the Economic Expansion Incentives Act (EEIA) was first introduced to solidify the expansion and development programs that were being carried out by the Economic Development Board (Fordham, 1992). In early 1960s, Singapore recognised the need for a dynamic manufacturing sector and export policies to draw MNCs so that we could be used as a production base to export goods worldwide. As a result of these aims, EEIA was introduced to grant tax benefits to manufacturing companies setting up production in pioneer areas in Singapore (Fordham, 1992). The development of international trade and multi national corporations has increased the issue of double taxation. As a company or individual looking beyond your own country for business opportunities and investments they would naturally be concerned with the problem of double taxation. Consequently they would seek to structure your operations at a minimum tax cost. This is where DTAs or tax treaties come into play 2. Incentives Available under ITA to Attract Foreign Capital Inflows Singapore has always been maintaining a competitive tax rate by being the lowest among the developed countries. Its purpose is to create an encouraging business environment for economic expansion (Tan, 1996). According to GuideMeSingapore, 2008, a web portal providing one-stop information on Singapore’s business environment to entrepreneurs, commented that â€Å"Singapore is often cited as the leading example of countries that continues to reduce corporate income tax rates and introduce various tax incentives to attract and keep global investments†. This is obvious in the frequent lowering of corporate tax rates since 1987. In 1989 the corporate income tax was reduced to 33 percent from 40 percent to follow the worldwide trend of lowering corporate taxes. The corporate tax rate was further lowered in 1990 to 31 percent to encourage multi-national companies (MNCs) to locate their treasury and financial operations here (Tan, 1996). From then on, corporate tax rate has been gradually decreasing. In 2004 corporate tax rate was reduced to 20 percent and with the release of the 2009 budget speech, corporate taxes will be cut to 17 percent in 2010. The aim of these reductions is to help businesses to curb operational costs so that Singapore can gain a competitive edge in continuing to attract high-tech and high value-added investments (Liu, 2007). From our research we found that there are several tax incentives in place to pull foreign investments to Singapore (IRAS, 2008) and we will be focusing on those that are relevant to our study. 1. DEDUCTION FOR EXPENSES ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (R) This incentive was introduced in 2003 to allow company to deduct a second round of qualifying expenses from its income in addition to the automatic first deduction allowed under section 14D. Further amendments[3] were made in 2008 to entitle companies for an automatic 50 percent tax allowance (PWC, 2008). This R allowance can be used to offset against the company’s chargeable income for the next 3 years (i. e. 2009 to 2013) to motivate companies to carry out more R projects. This is coupled with meeting our aim to be a research and development hub in the global arena (MOF, 2008). After the introduction of the tax incentive, total R expenditure increased from $3. 4 billion to $4. 6 billion in 2005 (Lai, 2007)[4]. Majority of the R spending was contributed by the private sector, whose gross expenditure on R (GERD) increased by 1. 2 percent. By the end of 2005, GERD was at 2. 4 percent of GDP. Singapore had surpassed the EU-15’s[5] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) averages of 1. percent and 2. 3 percent respectively (Lai, 2007). The increase in figures shows the effectiveness of the tax incentive program. According to the report, this figure is still lower compared to U. S (2. 7 percent) and Japan (3. 0 percent). Considering the fact that these countries are bigger in land and population size, our achievement is still commendable. 2. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR APPROVED HEADQUARTERS PROGRAM The purpose Headquarters Program was to encourage multinationals to base their main back offices in Singapore. This was to be achieved through reduced tax rate which is applied primarily to large-scale multinational corporations that relocate the management and headquarters functions of their subsidiaries and affiliates from other countries to Singapore. Section 43E of Income Tax Act provides that companies with their substantial operations located here can qualify for a 10 percent concessionary rate of tax (IRAS, 2008). This tax incentive has pulled and is continuing to pull foreign venture capitalists who provide the foreign capital infows. One such company is Societe Generale who received the OHQ award in January 2000. Besides this, Legg Mason Asset Management, Deutsche Asset Management, Merrill Lynch Mercury Asset Management and Zurich Scudder Investments are a few that were named in the MAS publication on New Initiatives for Enhancing Financial Sector Expertise, 2001. The motive for large-scale multinationals to relocate in Singapore is not only because of our highly advanced infrastructure, telecommunication and information facilities. It is also due to the support and encouragement that our government has been continuously offering through such tax incentives. 3. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR FINANCE AND TREASURY CENTRE (FTC) Foreign and Treasury Centre was introduced with the aim to entice foreign corporations to use Singapore as a base for conducting treasury management activities for related companies in the region. Under this scheme, foreign companies can enjoy a 10 percent concessionary tax rate from fee income from FTC subsidiaries, related companies and associates for provision of FTC services. According to Mr. Lee Chuan Teck, Executive Director for Financial Markets Strategy in MAS, by 2006 a total of 600 companies had chosen Singapore as their focal point to operate their financial services (MAS, 2006). According to the Survey on Corporate Risk Management Practices, 75 percent of the foreign MNCs cited EDB’s incentives as a reason for relocating their treasury centres in Singapore (Craig, 1997). This tells us the success of this incentive. 4. CONCESSIONARY RATE OF TAX FOR FINANCIAL SECTOR INCENTIVES (FSI) The FSI scheme offers a concessionary tax rate of 5% for qualifying high growth and high value-added activities and 10% for mature but tax-sensitive activities. The FSI is a measure designed to invite the front and back offices of multinational financial groups to Singapore so as to meet our overall goal to be a leading centre for competence in knowledge-driven activities and a choice location for company headquarters with responsibilities for product and capability charters (Geeta, 2002). Singapore’s vision is to be a pre-eminent financial centre in Asia. Technopreneurship 21 is the initiative that the government launched to achieve this goal. FSI plays a key role in attracting foreign multinationals to start-up their financial services in Singapore so that its dream of becoming a financial hub in the international arena can materialize. How far have been successful in this attempt is the question that we should be asking. As at 2005, 24 foreign full service licensees, 35 wholesale licensees and 46 offshore licensees operated in Singapore. Statistics provided by EDB (Embassy, 2006) for 2005 shows that foreign financial institution J. P Morgan Securities Asia, U. S. based MNC, had assets totalling up to US$14. 5 billion in Singapore. Singapore Department of Statistics reported that the financial and insurance services sector had generated US$49,223 of Foreign Direct Investments in 2003. That is 34 percent of the total FDI for that year (Embassy, 2006). 5. APPROVED GLOBAL TRADING COMPANY Global Trading Company was launched to facilitate and develop international trading activities. The GTP is a merger of the Approved Oil Trader (AOT) and the Approved International Trader (AIT) programmes. The programme encourages global trading companies to use Singapore as their regional or global base to conduct activities along the total trade value-add chain from procurement to distribution, in order to expand into the region and beyond (IEsingapore, 2009). Over the years, the programme has attracted a vibrant cluster of global trading companies to hub their strategic business functions in Singapore. These companies are key players in their respective industries such as oil trading, petrochemicals, agri-commodities and metals (IEsingapore, 2009). Minister for Trade and Industry, Mr Lim Hng Kiang announced in his speech during the Global Trader Networking Cocktail 2008 that in 2007, offshore trade by companies under IE Singapore’s Global Trader Programme, GTP, grew more than 30% to reach over US$465 billion. These companies employed over 7,000 staff and contributed S$7. 8 billion worth of total business spending. Much of the spending was in shipping, freight management and storage services, lending further testimony to Singapore’s strengths as a logistics and auxiliary services hub. From a modest start of 25 companies in 1989, there are currently more than 230 companies under the GTP (MTI, 2008) . 3. Incentives Available under EEIA Tax incentives available under EEIA are discussed below (IRAS, 2008). 1. PIONEER INDUSTRIES INCENTIVES The first aim of Pioneer Industries was to attract capital from both local and foreign companies who invest in new industries in Singapore. This incentive was introduced to draw investment in innovative areas to enhance Singapore’s industrial development (Fordham, 1992). Companies which qualified for PI were given a full tax exemption on qualifying profits for a period of time ranging from 5 years to 15 years. Implementation of this incentive saw a surge in the number of manufacturing industries that were set up here. By 1997, petroleum industries and electronics industries were dominating the Pioneer Manufacturing Establishments. MNCs like Exxon, Shell Sumitomo, Seagate, Hewlett-Packard and Compaq were already located here then contributing a total of S$117,104 million of foreign equity investment in Singapore (H H, 1997). As at 2004, the qualifying activities include services such as medical, publishing, education, automated warehousing facilities, exhibition and conference, financial, venture capital fund activity and so on (H H, 1997). 2. DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION INCENTIVE (DEI) This incentive is granted mainly to manufacturing and service industries that are engaged in capital investment to upgrade or modernize production capacity. The purpose of this incentive is to encourage greater growth and attract more companies to move into higher value-added activities. Under this scheme, eligible companies are entitled to preferential corporate tax rates for qualifying profits above a pre-determined base for a specific period (SPRING Singapore, 2008). According to the statistics collated by Ministry for Trade and Industry, the total investment by foreign companies in Singapore in development projects increased from$6,608 in 1997 to $17,187 in 2007. 3. OVERSEAS ENTERPRISE INCENTIVE (OEI) OEI was put in place to encourage local businesses to invest in a venture company, technology investment company or overseas investment company. OEI provides tax exemption on the qualifying income. Overseas investment should result in new business opportunities, activities as well as new technology to be introduced in Singapore. For instance DBS Bank, Bakerzin and Charles and Keith are a few prominent local bred companies which have ventured overseas. DBS Bank, Singapore’s local bank, has ventured into countries like Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Japan, U. S and many more (IESingapore, 2008). Bakerzin has franchises in KL, Jakarta, Shanghai and US while Charles and Keith had ventured into the Middle East and Asia Pacific markets (IESingapore, 2008). . Effect of DTA in attracting foreign capital inflows According to the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore, we have 59 Double Taxation Agreements with various countries. These treaties were signed to relieve taxpayers from the burden of double taxation when they repatriate their earnings to their home country. These treaties aim to offer relief from double taxation, either by way of tax credit, tax exemption or a reduced tax rate. These reduced rates and exemptions vary among countries and specific items of income. Treaty provisions generally are reciprocal (apply to both treaty countries). Only Singapore tax residents and tax residents of the treaty country can enjoy the benefits of a DTA. Signing of these treaties has resulted in increased foreign investments from countries such as Europe, U. S. and Japan. In 1996 the total foreign investments was $125,274. The major investors then were Japan, Europe and U. S. In 2006 the investments rose to $363,935 and the major players are Japan, Europe, U. S, European Union and South and Central America and the Caribbean. 3. CONCLUSION Policies have been the driving force for a small nation like Singapore to achieve so much within a short period of time. With no natural resources, foreign capital inflows in the form of foreign direct investments has played major part in shaping our nation to what it is today. With less to offer, tax incentives are one of the key reasons that had attracted many foreign companies creating a pool of foreign capital inflows. Our research on the various tax incentives has showed us that, indeed, they were effective enough to attract foreign companies to locate here with their technology and know-how. The early years efforts to industrialize our economy paid off and that had enabled us to improve our air and seaport facilities, telecommunication, information technology, warehousing and logistics facilities. Tax incentives have been working in the background and today these are some of our achievements (www. sedb. govs. sg): Now as we move towards being knowledge based economy with technopreneurial goals, our tax incentives have been further enhanced through the R deductions and allowing more activities to be qualified under the Pioneer Industries. Thus in our opinion, the tax incentives offered under ITA, EEIA and DTA have been effective in attracting foreign capital inflows which have shaped our country thus far. BIBILIOGRAPHY Agency, C. I. (2008). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2009, from CIA: www. cia. gov Craig, F. (1997). Survey of Coporate Risk Management Practices 1997. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Singapore Foreign Exchange Market Committee: http://www. sfemc. org/annual_report/Tansformation_AR_1997_-b. pdf D. J. (1996, December). Learning from Singapore: Road to Non-agonised Budgeting. Asian Journal of Public Administration . E. o. (2006, January). Singapore Investment Climate Report. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://singapore. usembassy. gov: http://singapore. usembassy. gov/uploads/images/HiMDAFJ23iuXGl0Th5mNsA/InvestClimate2006. pdf Fordham, M. (1992). Tax Incentives for Investment Expansion (2 ed. ). Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd. G. H. (2002). Singapore as an Investing Ground: A Review. Retrieved April 2009, from www. excelsol. com. sg: http://www. xcelsol. com/env/envsg. pdf GuideMeSingapore. (2008, April 14). Singapore Corporate Income Tax Guide. (GuideMeSingapore, Editor, Janus Corporate Solutions 2006) Retrieved March 28, 2009, from GuideMeSingapore: http://www. guidemesingapore. com/corporate-taxation/c321-corporate-taxation-system-overview. htm H H, A. T. (1997, August 27). Official Efforts to Attract FDI: Case of Singapore’s EDB. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from National Univers ity of Singapore: http://www. fas. nus. edu. sg/ecs/pub/wp/previous/AHTAN2. pdf IEsingapore. (2009). Global Trader Program. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from IE Singapore: http://www. iesingapore. gov. sg/wps/portal/AssistanceProgrammes/FinancialIncentives/GTP IRAS. (2008, February 14). Applying for Tax Incentives. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore: http://www. iras. gov. sg/irasHome/page04. aspx? id=1746 L. D. (2007, March). Growth of Research and Development in Singapore: 2000 – 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from Singapore Statistics Department: http://www. singstat. gov. sg/pubn/papers/economy/ssnmar07-pg1-7. df L. Y. (2007). Nanyang Technological University. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from ScienceDirect. com: http://www3. ntu. edu. sg/home/ayuliu/2007%20JPM%20LYH%20-%20Facing%20the%20challenge. pdf MAS. (2006). SPEECH ON REGIONAL TREASURY CENTRES IN SINGAPORE BY. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Monetary Authority of Singapore: http://www. mas. gov. sg/news_room/statements/2006/Speech_on_Regional_Treasury_Centres_in_Singapore. html MOF. (2008). L iberalization of RD Tax Deduction. Retrieved March 28, 2009, from Ministry of Finance: http://www. gpolitics. net/budget2008/annexb-2. pdf MTI. (2008, May 25). Global Trader Networking Cocktail 2008 Speech By Minister Lim Hng Kiang. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from Ministry for Trade and Industry: http://app. mti. gov. sg/default. asp? id=148articleID=13861 PWC. (2008, November). IRAS issues a circular on research and development (RD) tax measures . Retrieved April 2, 2009, from PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited: http://www. pwc. com/extweb/manissue. nsf/docid/6D2E3517BF8BE91DCA25753C00373526 T. T. (1996). Corporate Income Tax in Singapore: Issues and Future Directions. In M. G. Asher, a. Tyabji (Eds. ), Fiscal System of Singapore (p. 196). Pagesetters Services Pte Ltd. ———————– [1] CIA – The World factbook – https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn. html. [2] Fordham, Margaret BA Durham â€Å"Tax Incentives for Investment and Expansion 2/E 1992 [3] Based on the IRAS circular, definition of RD was amended to incorporate the requirements that the RD study must be systematic, investigative and experimental. RD project must involve novelty or technical risk and be undertaken with the object of acquiring new knowledge or using the results of the study for the production or improvement of materials, devices, products, produce or processes. The list of specifically excluded activities in the definition of RD has also been expanded so that routine modifications, cosmetic modifications or stylistic changes, as well as the development of software that is not intended for sale, lease or license to third parties are excluded. However, an exception is introduced for research in the social sciences and humanities and for software development that is undertaken wholly or mainly to support a qualifying RD project. In these cases, the expenditure can be included as part of the qualifying RD project expenditure. More information is available at http://www. pwc. com/extweb/manissue. nsf/docid/6D2E3517BF8BE91DCA25753C00373526 [4] The National RD Survey is attached as Annex 2 [5] The European Union-15 comprises Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. How to cite Research Paper on Tax Incentives in Singapore, Essays

Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic M

Question: Describe about the Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research? Answer: Introduction The present report will discuss about the importance as well as the implications of strategic management process. In order to enlighten, the report with proper concept of strategic management, the researcher has chosen the organisation Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall; one of the well known companies of the United Kingdom. The researcher has been appointed as a strategic consultant in this study, for a new client organisation. The new client organisation of the researcher is Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall, an automotive and energy Storage Company. It delivers luxury electric cars along with other vehicles and battery products. As per the record of 2015, around 12,000 employees are employed currently in that organisation (Tesla Motors 2016). As a strategic consultant, the researcher provides a justified proposal for a change in their strategy to boost the shareholder value. As per the annual report of Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall, the total revenue that the organisation has obtained is $4.05 billion (Tesla Motors 2016). It has been found that Tesla Motors has been successfully increasing their revenue from the past 5 years. The below table shows the revenue that the organisation has acquired in last 5 years: Year Total Revenue 2011 $204.24 M 2012 $413.26 M 2013 $2.01 B 2014 $3.2 B 2015 $4.05 B Table 1: Annual Revenue of Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall (Source: Tesla Motors 2016) The below table displays the main sections of expenses of Tesla Group and their gross income in past 5 years: 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) $142.65M $383.19M $1.56B $2.32B $3.12B SGA Expenses $313.08M $424.35M $517.55M $1.1B $1.7B Interest expense $43,000 $254,000 $22.13M $100.89M $118.85M Gross Income $61.6M $30.07M $456.26M $881.67M $923.5M Table 2: Financial report of Tesla Motors Electricity Cars and Powerwall (Source: Tesla Motors 2016) It has been shown in the above table, that all the expenses of the company were increased, though by a small amount in 2015 comparing to the prior year. Hence, it results in a small amount of increase in the gross income. In the present competitive market, Tesco Motors confronts more and more challenges from both the market and its competitors. Currently, it faces issues in obtaining competitive advantages over its major competitors. Therefore, the company needs to implement effective strategies to generate more revenue as well as profit. It would also help to achieve comparative advantages. At present market, the major competitors of Tesla Motors are Ford Motor Company, Federal Signal, General Motors, Honda Motor Company, Toyota Motor Corp., Nasdaq-listed Kandi Technologies, Wabcoetc. The luxury cars delivered by its competitors provide high competition to the Tesla Motors cars. These products include Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7-Series, BMW 6-Series, Audi A7 etc. Among these, Mercedes-Benz S-Class provides highest competition and it has grabbed the market more in comparing to others in the year of 2014. In 2015, Tesla has successfully increased their sales of electric cars. The below table displays the sales figure of the sales of these two products: Products No. of cars sold in 2014 No. of cars sold in 2015 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 25276 21934 Tesla Model S 18480 26566 Table 3: Sales figure in comparison to its highly competitive product (Source: Tesla Motors 2016) Tesla successfully made continuous growth of the model Tesla Model S. The product has brought most of the revenue among selling other Tesla products (Refer to Appendix 1). Though, they received threats from its the competitive product Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Proper strategic management is needed to acquire strong competitive advantages. Strategic Analysis of Environment Through environmental analysis, an organisation can identify all of its internal and external factors that affect the performances of the business (Mangematin and Baden-Fuller 2015). Analysing these factors or elements, an organisation comes to know its present strengths as well as weaknesses. Besides, this strategic tool helps an organisation to address its current threat and opportunities. The business of Tesla Motors is influenced much by their internal and external environment. In order to understand this environment analysis, the PESTEL analysis can be used to know the affect of the various factors on the organization (Rosenbaum-Elliott Percy and Pervan 2015). PESTEL analysis of Tesla Motors: Political: As stated by (Popkova et al. 2015), national or international trade along with labour laws is engaged in all the industries. Political force is one of the major factors of the business of Tesla Motors. The company relies on the government policies and the subsidies that the government provided to make their product more affordable (Chen Delmas and Lieberman 2015). Therefore, their business is affected by the decision of the politicians and policy makers. Economic: Economy is the core factor that affects an organisation in operating their business (Goldfarb and King 2016). As Tesla produces luxury electric cars, the consumers tend to spend their money on the alternatives of low fuel costs. Therefore, they confront challenges in obtaining comparative advantages. Social: According to (Audretsch 2015), an organisation should give importance to the social factors in order to generate superior performances. As Tesla provides cleaner sources of energy, the environment conscious consumers prefer to purchase their product to reduce the pollution. Technological: In todays modern market of increasing technology, the consumers have more options in their hands (Engert Rauter and Baumgartner 2016). In terms of technology, Tesla faces both threats and opportunity. Developing new technology to enhance their clean energy space brings the opportunity. In contrast, new technology developed and utilised by its competitors creates more threat for the company. Environment: People become more conscious about environmental pollution. Therefore, it brings a positive signal for the company. Legal: Government forcing laws and regulations create legal constraints for manufacturing and supplying the luxury products. The PESTEL analysis helps the researcher to do the SWOT analysis of the organisation. Through the SWOT analysis, the researcher will come to know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the respective organisation. SWOT analysis of Tesla Motors: Strength: Technology is the major strength that the respective company has in present (Aguinis Edwards and Bradley 2016). The organisation is completely committed in enhancing their clean energy space. They will enhance their business through improving their existing technology. Through technological development, Tesla Motors is successfully able to provide responses to social environments (Morden 2012). Weakness: The products that the company delivers are quite expensive and thus it is not affordable to the consumers. Currently, they confront production constraints. This is the prime reason behind their high priced products. Further, they face issues in supply chain management. The products are sold by their own outlets. Opportunity: Tesla has a positive point in clean energy market, as they increase their clean energy sources. Besides the electric cars, they manufacture alternative energy products, such as battery. It helps them to increase their sales as well as revenue. Threat: The major threat that the company faces is obtain competitive advantage over their competitors. The major competitors of the company try to deliver alternatives at lower prices with clean energy space. Being a strategic consultant, the researcher provides some effective strategies that would direct the company for the next 3 years. The PESTEL and SWOT analysis help the researcher in this context. Strategies Strategic Matrix with SWOT Plan of strategy making and implementation Review of implementation Time Period Provide training programs to the production team Strength and Opportunity Tesla Motors has the strong point in the technological field. It has embraced new technologies, and thus they have the opportunity to utilise their strengths as well. By providing training programs, they will able to increase their existing technology. The management body will record the actions taken by the team on a weekly basis. This way, they would able to address the present concerns and resolve them within a shorter duration 6 months Innovation in product design and increase sales Opportunity vs. Weakness They have the opportunity to expand their business by introducing new technology. At present, they fail to compete with its major competitors in terms of selling luxury products. Thus, the researcher suggests that keeping updated about the latest technology would be beneficial. The researcher goes on to suggest that the company should engage all their stakeholders along with the manufacturer team. Through discussion, they can share their ideas and it would help them to select the best one. The managers will pursue a sequential order to share the ideas of all the stakeholders. This way, it will also motivate the employees to fulfil their targets. 6 months Price strategy Weaknesses and Threats The company has its biggest threat from its competitors in terms of product price. The production constraint is the prime factor behind their high production cost. Further, poor supply chain management policies create threats in acquiring competitive advantages. The researcher suggests that if they decrease their product price they can grab the world market to a greater extent. It would help them to enhance their business. This will help them to deal with the threat that they receive from the competitors. Initially, the organisation has to spend greater capital to make more profits in the long run. 6 months Supply chain management Threat vs. Strength As Tesla Motors has the strong point in technology, it can implement its strategy well. Weakness in supply chain management creates more threat. Therefore, the researcher suggests increasing their supply chain along with new technology to increase the sales. The company has to keep a track record of the actions they would take. This will help them to proceed in right direction. 18 months Table 4: Strategic Plan for next 3 years (Source: Created by Author) Strategic purpose of the Company The strategic purposes of Tesla Motors are made by centralising the mission and vision of the company. Their vision is to become most compelling car manufacturing company by delivering most fashionable and functional model of electric cars. On the other way, their mission is to deliver safety products to the customers. Their primary concern is safety of the customers instead of safety of their vehicles. Through analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the company, the researcher has introduced some specific strategies to deal with the challenges which they confront in the present situation. The strategies would help them to achieve both their short term as well as the long term goals. Teslas short term goal is to generate more revenue along with more profit and more cash by improving their technology. Recently, their new product Powerwall batteries have been launched. It has been stated before that high price has created constraints in the path of increasing sales. Moreover, it prevents the company in acquiring more revenue. Therefore, the researcher has included the pricing strategy in the strategic plan of the company. Through pursing proper pricing strategy, they would able to lower their product price. This will cause increase in production, supply and sales as well. At the same time, the company needs to focus on the production constraints. Production constraint is the root of the problem of their high price product (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). By reducing the production expenditure, the company would able to increase their revenue as well as profit. As a result, it would help the company to decrease their growing expenses and increase their sales. In the strategic plan, the researcher has included that the company needs to bring innovation in their production. Consumers are always attracted by the latest luxury products, thus they expect much against the high prices they pay. Furthermore, they confront constraints in improving their clean energy space. As the competitors are trying to include clean energy space in their production and are offering alternative products at cheaper price, the company fails to obtain competitive advantage. Beside the short term goal, their long term goal is based on improving the products of automobiles. The researcher has included the strategic plan of supply chain management and training programs by keeping their long term goal in mind. Poor supply chain management process is another reason due to which the company is facing lower revenues. The supply can be set by outlining the current demand or predicting the future demand (Clarke 2012). The increasing competitive pressure is one of the major factors of supply chain management that the management body should pay heed to (Priem Li and Carr 2012). Analysing the competitive pressure, the researcher suggests increasing their supply chain. Being the strategic consultant, the researcher recommends providing training programs to its employees to improve their employability skills. According to (Keupp Palmi and Gassmann 2012), it is one of the key strategies that the employers should pursue in order to motivate the employees and increase their effectiveness in workplace. It has been found that, the company is facing high competition from its competitors in selling their products. High amount of substitutes are available in the market. Majority of consumers are attracted by the goods that they can get at lower price. Therefore, the staffs need to enhance their skills and knowledge to improve their product quality. Through enhancing the product quality and minimizing the cost, they would able to generate more revenue and obtain competitive advantages. Strategic Management for Growth As per the viewpoint of (Ward 2012), proper strategic management helps an organisation to increase the value of their business. After making strategies, the management body of the organisation needs to implement them in a proper way for sustainable growth and development (Lasserre 2012). Being appointed as a strategic consultant in Tesla Motors, the researcher discusses about their strategic management process. The researcher suggests the company to include Porters 5 forces strategy analysis for sustainable growth. (Kaplan and Norton 2012) added in this context that it is the most effective tool for analysing where the business power lies. This helps the organisation to understand their competitive position in the business market. This particular model would help the respective organisation to utilise their strengths and improve their weaknesses as well. Porters 5 forces analysis can be utilised in the strategy management process for maintaining continuous growth (Refer to Appendix 2). Threat of new competitors In the growing competitive market, the firms face more competition when placing their own business at a greater position across the world market (Kapferer 2012). It has been found that the profitability markets of luxury cars attracted new firms and increased the competition of the respective company. High product price is the key disadvantage that the company has and it creates advantage for its competitors. Therefore, they need to include strategies for future uncertainty that might hamper their business. Threats of substitutes Currently, the company is facing major challenge in terms of the availability of the alternative products. The competitors successfully deliver the substitute products to the consumers at lower price. Hence, the company needs to include pricing strategies to deal with the challenge. Power of the buyers The buyers bargaining power affects the pricing policies of an organisation and puts the market under pressure. It has been mentioned before that the buyers tend to purchase alternative products at lower prices. Thus, the company needs to reduce the price of their products to retain the existing customers and attract the new ones. Power of the supplier The suppliers of the raw materials and other components have the power of bargaining when fewer amounts of substitutes are available. As Tesla produces a unique product, they purchase their raw materials from specific suppliers. Therefore, they face increased expenditure challenges due to the bargaining power of its suppliers. Competitive rivalry In order to deal with the competitive rivalry, the company needs to obtain sustainable competitive advantages by including innovation strategies. Pricing strategy and training programs for the employees are the key strategies that the researcher has considered for innovation. The researcher further suggests that they should include the Ansoffs Growth Matrix to lead the business towards growth. As per the statement of (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012), it is one of the effective marketing planning tools that helps an organisation to determine their product and growth strategy. Ansoffs Growth Matrix covers the areas of market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification (Refer to Appendix 3). By selling their existing products in their existing markets, the company can reduce the risk of introducing new products. The business would be at an uncertain stage to sell their new products and generate the expected profit from that. Apart from this, market development is needed to sell the existing products in the new market. Product development is the prime strategy that is required to increase the product quality. Effective research and development along with innovation is needed to acquire competitive advantages over its competitors. Diversification is the strategy of selling new products in the new market. Through this strategy, the company will able to grab new markets and enhance their business. Being the strategic consultant, the researcher considers Mintzbergs management policy to provide proper managing direction. As stated by Mahoney and Qian (2013), this specific management policy mentions ten prime roles of a manager that includes Figurehead, Leader, Liaison, Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson, Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, and Negotiator. These are the essential roles to implement the strategic policies of the respective organization properly (Refer to Appendix 4). Through utilizing strategy management policies, the researcher has targeted the revenue as well as profit for next 3 years. It is depicted in the below table: 2016 2017 2018 Expected Revenue $6.01B $8.14B $10B Expected Profit $1.5B $1.9B $2.5 Table 5: Expected revenue and target for next three years (Source: Created by Author) Process of Strategic Implementation The external and internal environment analysis of Tesla Motors is showing that the company is having different risk factors from various aspects such as political, environmental, social, economical and legal. Moreover, the internal environment analysis of the company emphasizes that the company is manufacturing products, which are expensive in comparison to the competitors products (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). In addition, the company is facing trouble regarding their production capacity, which is directly hampering the organizational profitability remarkably. The most important issues within this organization, is that Tesla does not have any supply chain process. The company is solely responsible for increasing the availability of their products among the targeted market. Thus, the company does not have any distributors or dealers among the targeted market (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). In order to mitigate these issues, the above-mentioned strategies need an effective imp lementation process. Following is the implementation process of each strategy along with the time requirements. Implementing low pricing strategy In order to implement low pricing strategy, the company needs to assess the current market value of the products. It will help Tesla Motors in gathering knowledge regarding how the rival companies are conducting sustainable business in the competitive market. Apart from that, assessing the current pricing strategy of the rival organization is important for gaining competitive advantages (Apenko 2014). The aim of the company is to overcome all the challenges within three years and therefore, the company needs to implement this low pricing strategy within six months after initiating the plan. It is highly important to increase the production unit for maintaining profitability while reducing the price. Therefore, the company needs to hire adequate employees for increasing productivity during this time (Bettis et al. 2015). Moreover, the company needs to conduct a survey session with the consumers in order to understand whether they are satisfied with the products or not. Thereafter, it will be easy for the company to implement a pricing strategy, which will effectively attract consumers towards the products. Low pricing strategy will help the company in retaining the existing and new consumers from the targeted market (Hair et al. 2012). However, a low pricing strategy will also reduce profitability of the company and therefore, it is highly important for the company to implement this particular strategy after conducting an effective market research (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Implementation of employee training process The internal and external environment analysis of Tesla Motors is emphasising that the company is facing trouble with production. The major reason of production issue of the company is inadequacy of employee knowledge (Boyd et al. 2012). Therefore, the strategy is focusing on implementing training process for the employees. In this competitive era, every organization is relying upon innovative technology. Therefore, Tesla needs to improve their technological aspects along with employees knowledge. This training process has to be done within 12 months after implementing the low pricing strategy. In this period, the company needs to empower employee knowledge regarding innovation and requirements of innovation within the organization. In order to overcome production constraints, it is highly important to increase employees knowledge regarding new technologies (Vogel and Gttel 2013). However, implementing a rapid change within the organization can hamper organizational profitability and therefore, the company needs to conduct the change management in a stable manner. Process of implementing supply chain management Supply chain is a complex process, which helps an organization to increase availability of products among the targeted market. However, Tesla Motors does not have any supply chain process and therefore, the company is facing trouble with low availability of products. Consumers are unable to avail the products due to insufficiency of retail store among the targeted markets (Mahoney and Qian 2013). Therefore, this strategy can facilitate the company by increasing availability of products. As this process is complex, it will take the maximum time for identifying the dealers and wholesalers within the targeted market (Keupp, Palmi and Gassmann 2012). In order to achieve the organizational objectives, the company needs to implement a lean supply chain management within 18 months after implementing the above-mentioned strategies. A lean supply chain process is effective for increasing product availability along with reducing the supply cost. Gantt chart: The Gantt chart displays the plan of strategy implementation over 3 years planning horizon (Refer to Appendix 5). Essential Conditions Value addition to the stakeholders The forecasted strategies are focusing on strengthening the organizational profitability by reducing product price and increasing productivity of the employees. The above-mentioned strategies are helpful for internal and external stakeholders of Tesla Motors (Fisher and Oberholzer-Gee 2013). The first strategy that aims at reducing the product price will facilitate the external stakeholders. The consumers will be able to avail the products at a lower price. Apart from that, the consumers will be able to avail best quality products at low prices and therefore, the product value will increase for them. Eventually, these strategies will facilitate the new consumers of the organization who will be able to get the products at more low prices (Bergh et al. 2014). Thus, the organization will be benefited through gaining loyal consumers in competitive market. Following is how the internal and external stakeholders will be benefited by the strategies. Internal stakeholders Internal stakeholders are the board members, staffs and other internal associates that can be affected by the strategies of organization. Management of an organization and the consumers are the internal stakeholders for an organization (Chen, Delmas and Lieberman 2015). Moreover, the employee training strategy will improve knowledge of the employees and therefore, the employees will be able to adopt innovative technologies. When it comes to the employees, the newly implemented strategy will enable the employees to increase their knowledge. In this manner, they will be able to understand organizational requirements, which are highly important for maintaining a healthy working environment (Boyd et al. 2012). Employees will be retained in this manner and the company will be able to gain competitive advantages due to high employee retention. The entire planning of achieving the objectives consists of increasing the communication with employees. It is highly important for an organization to maintain effective communication with the employees and therefore, the forecasted strategies will benefited the employees in sharing their concerns with the higher management in an easier manner (Apenko 2014). If the higher management of Tesla Motors is able to communicate with each employee, then the management will be able to retain employees by reducing their apprehensions in an effective manner. Apart from that, the management of the organization will be facilitated by the strategies in a remarkable manner (Boyd et al. 2012). Following these strategies, production of the organization will increase and therefore, the company will be able to reduce the product price. The overall profitability of the organization can be increased by selling high units at low price. In other words, management of Tesla will be benefited by attracting mo re consumers from the targeted market. As the strategies are consisting of increasing suppliers, it will help the management in gaining competitive advantages in an effective manner. External stakeholders External stakeholders of an organization are consumers, government, suppliers and other communities (Fisher and Oberholzer-Gee 2013). The strategies implemented by the consultant will increase the chances for the consumers to avail products at low prices. Apart from that, the company is also considering the productivity frequency, which will help the consumers in getting the product in mass quantity. In order to facilitate the consumers, the company is planning to reduce product price and along with that, the company is focusing on increasing product availability among the market (Chen, Delmas and Lieberman 2015). In this manner, the consumers will be able to purchase products from different locations. Currently, Tesla does not have any distributor or dealers and therefore, the consumers are not able to purchase the products due to insufficient product availability. The newly implemented strategy will help the consumers to mitigate this challenge in an effective manner (Vogel and Gttel 2013). The aim of the company is to increase the overall profitability, which will also facilitate government is gaining increased tax amount. Therefore, it can be said that the planned strategies are also beneficial for the governments as well. If the suppliers are taken into consideration, then it will be effective for the suppliers to grab the entire market, because there will be no competition within the suppliers in the initial stage (Bergh et al. 2014). The suppliers will be able to maintain a sustainable profitability, which is beneficial for them. Conclusion After conducting this report, it can be concluded that strategic management process is a complex process, which needs effective process of implementation for getting successful outcomes. Tesla Motors is a reputed organization in the field of electric cars and power storage and therefore, the company is having a fair internal operation, which is facilitating the organization. Apart from that, there are many limitations that are found while conducting the internal and external environment analysis of Tesla Motors. Thus, this report is focusing on solutions to those concerns, which have been found during the environment analysis. The strategies forecasted in this report are focusing on improving the pricing strategy, employee knowledge and supply chain of the company. These strategies are helpful for various stakeholders of the company in different aspects. The overall report is showing how the implemented strategies are helping employees and other stakeholders of Tesla Motors in gainin g advantages. Annex: Reference List Aguinis, H., Edwards, J.R. and Bradley, K.J., 2016. Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research.Organizational Research Methods, p.1094428115627498. Audretsch, D.B., 2015.Everything in its place: Entrepreneurship and the strategic management of cities, regions, and states. Oxford University Press. Bergh, D.D., Connelly, B.L., Ketchen, D.J. and Shannon, L.M., 2014. Signalling theory and equilibrium in strategic management research: An assessment and a research agenda.Journal of Management Studies,51(8), pp.1334-1360 Boyd, B.K., Haynes, K.T., Hitt, M.A., Bergh, D.D. and Ketchen, D.J., 2012. Contingency Hypotheses in Strategic Management Research Use, Disuse, or Misuse?.Journal of Management,38(1), pp.278-313 Chen, C.M., Delmas, M.A. and Lieberman, M.B., 2015. Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), pp.19-36. Clarke, S., 2012.Information systems strategic management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Fisher III, W.W. and Oberholzer-Gee, F., 2013. Strategic management of intellectual property.California management review,55(4), pp.157-183 Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Pearson Goldfarb, B. and King, A.A., 2016. Scientific apophenia in strategic management research: Significance tests mistaken inference.Strategic Management Journal,37(1), pp.167-176. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T.M. and Ringle, C.M., 2012. The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications.Long range planning,45(5), pp.320-340 Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P., 2012. Transforming the balanced scorecard from performance measurement to strategic management: Part I.Accounting horizons,15(1), pp.87-104. Keupp, M.M., Palmi, M. and Gassmann, O., 2012. The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.367-390 Lasserre, P., 2012.Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Mahoney, J.T. and Qian, L., 2013. Market frictions as building blocks of an organizational economics approach to strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,34(9), pp.1019-1041 Mangematin, V. and Baden-Fuller, C., 2015. Introduction: Business Models and Modelling Business Models.Business Models and Modelling (Advances in Strategic Management, Volume 33) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. xi-xxii,33. Morden, M.T., 2012.Principles of strategic management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Popkova, E.G., Abramov, S.A., Ermolina, L.V. and Gandin, E.V., 2015. Strategic Effectiveness Evaluation as Integral Part of the Modern Enterprise Management.Asian social science,11(20), p.16. Priem, R.L., Li, S. and Carr, J.C., 2012. Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research.Journal of management,38(1), pp.346-374. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L. and Pervan, S., 2015.Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Vogel, R. and Gttel, W.H., 2013. The dynamic capability view in strategic management: a bibliometric review.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(4), pp.426-446 Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge. Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012.Strategic marketing management. Routledge. Bibliography Apenko, S.N., 2014. Leadership of human resources and project teams in the management of strategic changes in the organization.Strategic Management,19(1), pp.28-34 Bettis, R.A., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2015. Qualitative empirical research in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), pp.637-639 Chen, C.M., Delmas, M.A. and Lieberman, M.B., 2015. Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), pp.19-36. Engert, S., Rauter, R. and Baumgartner, R.J., 2016. Exploring the integration of corporate sustainability into strategic management: A literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.2833-2850. Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning Keupp, M.M., Palmi, M. and Gassmann, O., 2012. The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.367-390. Company Evidence Tesla Motors. (2016). [online] Teslamotors.com. Available at: https://teslamotors.com/about [Accessed 3 Mar. 2016].

An Old Woman. Essay Example

An Old Woman. Essay Example An Old Woman. Essay An Old Woman. Essay The poem is highly symbolic and very common placed in its subject matter. The poet was impressed by the temple of Kandoba at Jajori and the poem is thus against this setting. An Old Woman is a graphic picture of a beggar woman. Having lost the promises of her past, she is reduced to her present state. As the speaker views her squarely, he, in a sort of revelation, becomes aware of the decay which has set in her person and which is extended to the decaying tradition symbolized by the hills and the temples. Without using many words, the old woman forces the narrator to look at her from closed quarters. It is then that he realizes the hypocrisy of society and the decadence of the social system that has ruined the old woman to a beggar. he finds that the social fabric is destroyed, architectural features go into ruins. Human values are forgotten. The old womans condition reduces the narrator to a small status when he feels as insignificant as that small coin in her hand. This poem humbles us to remember our responsibility to society. It reveals the callousness, a failure on our part to take care of the elderly, protect our heritage and preserve our values. In the rush of materialism and the desire to achieve, one takes all that one can from society, but giving the same back is largely forgotten. So the cracking hills, crumbling temples, crumbling of social order is directly a result of our negligence, our failure to act responsibly. Somewhere, the materialistic world has made man selfish, trapping him in a race to accumulate. When society has to face this onslaught, cracks appear, but selfish man forgets to repair the cracks, forgets to salvage lost values, thereby creating a dilapidated social fabric.

Beethovens Symphony No. 9 Essays - Music, Symphony No. 9

Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 Essays - Music, Symphony No. 9 Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 Choral' The 9th Symphony is an amazing piece of music. From the slow opening, to its quick ascent to a powerful clash of instruments, the entire piece is captivating. The incredible part about the entire piece is that from the beginning to the end there is a contrast between soft and loud, always dueling for time. Either there is a strong controlling element running through the music or there is a soft easy melody. The dualism between the deeper instruments playing in contrast to the softer woodwinds makes for an interesting listen. Each time that I have listened to this piece I am always hearing different pieces that I had not heard the time before. The trouble I have had with the piece is that I have a hard time listening to the piece as a whole. Instead I end up hearing either the high pieces or the low pieces, rather than being able to capture the two together as interconnected pieces. Yet, with the excerpts that I have been able to connect the two parts, their differences help unite them into an incredible piece of music. From the onset of the symphony, it appears that the entire piece is based around the conclusion, being Ode to Joy. It seems like everything is just getting ready to build and build into the climax. There being smaller climaxes along the way, but for the most part it is solely preparing the listener for Ode to Joy. The exciting part about the entire piece is that at no time does the listener become lulled into the music and become withdrawn from the music, rather the listener is always attentive to the music waiting and expecting the next note or series of notes, wondering what the composer and conductor have in store. Joseph Glazar November 15, 2000 William Tell This piece by Rossini is a rather devious piece of music. For the most part the listener is put into a position that the entire piece will be rather melodic and peaceful, but in an instant all of that changes and throws the listener for a complete loop. As the Overture warms the listener, one begins to get the idea that a sense of nature is present in the music, with the little chirps from the softer instruments. As the listener continues there begins a low, but ever present rising in intensity coming from all the instruments. From what seemed to be a careless peaceful tone, becomes a menacing and powerful thrust of music. Moreover, as soon as the listener becomes accustomed to the intensity of the music, the composer once again changes it up and softens the mood again. The listener is continuously taken on a roller coaster ride of excitement. The highlight for this listener was the part of the Overture that had been used as the anthem for the Lone Ranger. It is a great example for me of how music can create a vivid memory of life, with it as the background. I have always loved this piece because of how dynamic it was and because of its connection to me as a child. My parents were always trying to find ways for me to enjoy classical music as a child, without creating a distaste for the music. From that I was able to grow into the music. I love the entire piece, and only listen to it in its entirety. The movement through out the piece is very perky, with a little bit of calmness. The listener does not have the opportunity to become complacent with a melody, before it is quickly changed into something that makes one's heart pound. This is an absolutely incredible piece of music. Joseph Glazar November 22, 2000 European History Bibliography The novel that I read for historical reference was that of Charles Darwin's Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. A.L. Burt Company, Publishers, New York. 1871. p713

Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jesus - Essay Example The Sower and The Seed: Luke 8: 4-15 The parable of the Sower and the Seed was taught by Jesus and was likewise clearly explained in the Gospel. According to the parable, the sower was on the way to plant some seeds. On the way to the place where he was to specifically plant, some of the seeds fell in different places: in the way side, on a rock, and even on thorns. As expected, these seeds eventually withered and died. Only the seed which were planted in good ground became productive and bore fruits. Jesus likewise explained here that the seeds were the word of God and the different types of ground are people who listen to the word. The lesson that Jesus tried to impart was that people who are honest, who have a good heart, and are holistically prepared to receive the good message from the scriptures are the ones who would benefit from these words by living it, sharing them to others, and become productive from having learned from them. Those who are not prepared could just be expos ed to these words and teachings and not be able to apply them in their daily lives. Likewise, though not explicitly mentioned the sower could be the source of perpetuating the word of God; this could be the spiritual adviser, the priest, or even the Holy Scriptures where the Word of God could be found, or where these teachings would be relayed. Thus, the spiritual significance of this parable is deduced in terms of assuming the appropriate perspective: mentally, spiritually, physically, emotionally, and even socially, to receive, to imbibe, to share, and to apply what one would learn from the gospel readings and teachings of God’s words to appreciate the lessons which are relayed therein. The Good Samaritan: Luke 10:25-37 Another parable told by Jesus was the story of the Good Samaritan. The story apparently unfolded when a certain lawyer asked Jesus what should be done to inherit eternal life and the series of responses led him to subsequently ask who one’s neighbor i s (The New Testament Excerpts: Life of Jesus).

Does Freedom Have a Price Chinese versus U.S.A Research Paper

Does Freedom Have a Price Chinese versus U.S.A - Research Paper Example Compared to other nations, American families in contrast are able to afford more products in a grand scale than most countries around the globe. However taking a flashback towards the rise of capitalism, one cannot refute the fact that the upper class in the 1900’s controlled the surplus of the products. In essence, the rich controlled the resources and used the working force of the upper and lower class. However, the upper class continued to reap the profits and used them for future investment. The whole essence of that was to improve the process of production that can not only facilitate the work force but also enabled them to reach a higher a level of efficiency. Stock prices have dropped sharply and both the NASDAQ and Dow-Jones have suffered. Scholars have insisted that the NASDAQ has lost more than 63 percent of its value since March 2000. In addition, individuals have lost about $5 trillion in the value of stocks traded on major U.S. exchanges. More than 400,000 workers have been laid off, which has drastically been detrimental to the economy. The current recession that occurred internationally has forced the American economy to hinder. When the economic collapsed occurred, majority of the banks failed to accumulated the loans they were obligated to receive from the customers. In midst of this chaos, the banks failed to make any revenue and tightened the parameters in which loans can be lender. However, the mid and small size businesses in this recessive environment have no build up capital to initiate their venture. Thus, this poses a problem for a capitalistic economy that is so driven by regional economies. Since capitalism is so driven by the purchasing power of consumers, it is crippled when spending diminishes. The domino effect not only occurs at macro but also in a micro level. Since the recession, the US market has been under heavy scrutiny with the SEC and other commissions. The US public debt that is borrowed by the government at throug h the Treasury consists of two essential components. The first component is the debt held by public companies and the other debt is held by intragovernment agencies which consist of Treasury securities. Throughout history, the public debt has continued to increase as government spending as surpassed its deficits by the amount of $500 billion. The United States needs to borrow nearly $10 trillion over the next decade, including about $1.6 trillion in this current year. The question remains- will China still give the United States this money? Currently, the foreign ownership in the market is possessed by China. The largest single holder of US government debt is held by China as it holds almost 36% of all stocks. Throughout history, China has been extremely weary of foreign control as it has dramatically been exploited from other nations. Comprehensive research indicates that China’s economy has been spurted out of ashes and is one of the most developed nations that challenges t he GDP production of America. Production and innovation has been a key component for China as it imports majority of its goods. In addition, products in China are cheap and durable, which can pose a risk for other organizations. Undoubtedly, China wants to gain leverage not only in the political sphere but also in the economic sphere. Gaining leverage will be highly beneficial for China as it can inject its products in the

Discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion questions - Essay Example Given the economic conditions today, I would suggest an expansionary fiscal policy. This is because money in circulation in the market is less, which has discouraged spending, and thus the businesses are performing poorly. An expansionary fiscal policy increases flow of money in the economy, which favours factors of production. This helps increase production, which in turn increases the demand for labour. The rate of unemployment goes down as more people get job opportunities in the job market. The government faces a budget deficit when there is more government spending than the collected revenue. The government should therefore raise taxes, reduce government spending, and sell government bonds and treasury bills as a measure to correct the deficit. Riley claims, â€Å"Higher government borrowings today mean that taxes will have to rise in the future† (Riley web). However, this will reduce the disposable income hence constraining the economy more than expand it. The government should decrease spending as a way of correcting a deficit budget if it seeks for a long-term

Tourism In Saarc Nations Tourism Essay

Tourism In Saarc Nations Tourism Essay South Asia is home to one third of the worlds population. It comprises of one of the most diverse populations and cultures which have worked as potential economic and geographical resources for several countries all over the world. Significant researches found that one of the best brains that run the world on different platforms have their roots from South Asia. SAARC countries are rich in natural resources with unique and astounding geographical locations and ecology (Timothy, Nyaupane, 2009). The top highest mountain peaks of the world exist in the region of South Asia; Mount Everest and K2. One of the worlds best water resources lie in South Asia, having a vast river system mainly originating from the Himalayas. Moreover, some of the richest ocean resources exist in South Asia which include rich mangrove areas such as Sunderbans and coral reefs of Maldives. The biodiversity of South Asia is vast and holds great historic values. The cultural heritage of South Asia dates back thous ands of years and hence it hosts marvels such as Ajanta, Timpu, Taj Mahal, Taxila and many other great wonders (Timothy, Nyaupane, 2009). Factors Resisting the Survival and Growth of Tourism Industry in South Asia SAARC countries have been extracting several riches such as spices, gold, coal, gas and several more gemstones. Because of the availability of rich resources and great manpower, South Asian countries have been a common playground for several colonial powers. Now South Asian countries are independent and host almost all the religions of the world, contributing an increase in the diversity and cultural importance of the region (Alwis, 2009). Regardless of such attractive aspects of South Asia, more than 400 million people live below poverty line and approximately 71 million people are impacted by some sort of violence or similar threats. There are several issues revolving around the region which include health, poverty, child and gender issues (Alwis, 2009). All such issues are unregulated due to the weak control of the government and lack of proper attention to these issues. One of the latest and most talked about issues that revolve around South Asia, is the issue of Terrorisms. Afgh anistan is considered the originating land of Taliban, Pakistan is considered the host for Taliban, India is facing terrorists attack due to conflicts regarding Kashmir and the list goes on. These are few significant factors which have deteriorated the tourism industry of South Asia (Alwis, 2009). Current Conditions of Tourism Industry in South Asia In order to analyze the condition of SAARC nations tourism industry it is important to ponder upon the rates of visitors in this particular region. In the year 2010, the region of South Asia was able to attract only 1.1% of the 898 million visitors from all over the world. This makes a total of only 9.7 million visitors in South Asia which comprises of a total of eight countries. If compared with Europe, this is a very low number of visitors because Europe received 53% of the total visitors from all over the world during the same year (UNWTO, 2011). On the other hand, Asia Pacific region was able to double its tourism industry within seven years as they received 85 million visitors in 2003 and 198 million visitors in 2010. During this period of growth, South Asia was able to grow on a marginal scale that also was not achieved among all countries of South Asia (UNWTO, 2011). Few SAARC countries sparked off its tourism industry such as India and Maldives and hence, they are the potential tourist attractions in the whole of South Asia (Hassan, 2006). Not to forget Nepal, which is considered the gemstone of South Asia, is famous for its beautiful sights and great cultural heritage. Nepal has also increased its tourism industry quite well, however due to their internal political issues; the government has not paid much attention towards the tourism sector of the country (Timothy, Nyaupane, 2009). Other beauties of South Asia include Sri Lanka which is surrounded by exotic beaches and is also one of the most visited countries of the world. Bhutan is known as the Himalayan Kingdom of South Asian nations because it is an adventure attraction and has great cultural heritage adding to the enjoyment of the visitors. Alpine forests and 7000 meters of Himalayan region along with the beautiful architecture of its kingdom have been attracting an abundant amount of vi sitors to Bhutan (Saarc Tourism, 2011). Pakistan has great cultural heritage and historic places. The various tourism attractions of the country range from the ruins of civilizations like Taxila, Mohenjo-Daro, Harrapa, to the kingdoms of Mughals such as the Alamgir Gate, Badshahi Masjid, Faiz Mahal, Animist Kalasha and many more. Natural beauty of Pakistan includes Malam Jabba, Khyber Steam Train Safari, Naran Valley, Swat Valley, Murree, Bhurban, Indus River, and many more stunning areas where people can visit and be amazed by the gorgeous natural structures. Most importantly the Arabian Sea, mainly at the Gwadar Port and Kund Malir are one of the most striking natural beaches in South Asia (Timothy, Nyaupane, 2009). Regardless of such attractions, Pakistan has been losing its tourism industry due to the consistent terrorist activities going on in the North Western part of the country. The attack on Swat valley, capture of Osama bin Laden from Abbottabad and the consistent drone attacks on the North-Western borders of the country and all such events which have discouraged global visitors from coming to Pakistan. The risk of security, rising pollution, health problems, poverty and lack of overall government funding has led to a declined number of tourists in this region and hence the tourism industry has almost collapsed (Hassan, 2006). Plausible Solutions Keeping in mind such beautiful sights of each SAARC country and the potential experience attached to visiting these sights, it is important to consider why tourism rate has been declining and how these declining rates can be reimbursed (Kaur, 2008). The region of South Asia has promoted tourism since decades and only few countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, India and Bhutan have been successful in achieving considerable amount of growth in their tourism industry. In the year 1980, an organization led by the Secretariat in Colombo aimed towards promoting tourism in SAARC countries by developing World Tourism Organization. This initiative, however, failed due to the lack of appropriate support from each SAARC countrys tourism sector (Kaur, 2008). Another attempt was made by the SAARC Chambers of Commerce and Industry (SCCI) which mainly began from Nepal. A promotional tagline was also designed Magic that is South Asia. This attempt by SCCI hoped to improve the private sector of the SAAR C nations, however productive outcome was not achieved within the same decade (Marg, 2009). SAARC countries have always emphasized on the importance of tourism and have considered it as a major asset for their countries. During several SAARC Summit meetings SAARC leaders have emphasized on accentuating the tourism industry of the region. On the 12th Summit which was held in Islamabad in the year 2004 during which SAARC Leaders exerted extra significance on the mutual support of the SAARC countries to accentuate tourism because it would bring social, economic and cultural dividends. Due to such immense emphasis, the year of 2005 was designated as the South Asia Tourism Year and each country was supposed to celebrate it both individually and jointly. Similar efforts were conducted in the year 2011 along with the review of previous Action Plans in order to improve past mistakes (Marg, 2009). Other plausible solutions have been suggested many times, which include the mutual agreement among all SAAR nations to accumulate certain funds jointly and invest in the tourism sector in areas such as security, pollution control, health care and other promotional activities. Such mutual accumulation of funds will require every countrys involvement and hence certain amount of improvement can be sought in each country even if a country doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t attempt to do so. This sort of step can help in areas where government is not concentrating and thus SAARC leaders can assign private organizations to lead the tasks. This is a very long term solution and it would require strict involvement by at least half of the SAARC nations for effective implementation, or else the main idea would fail (Raghavan, 1995). Conclusion There is considerable improvement found in countries like India, which is being marketed as Incredible India along with its wide spread Bollywood industry which is supporting the tourism industry with its pseudo-participation and promoting Indian culture globally (Kumar, 2011). On the other hand Sri Lankan beaches are being used by several companies as an investment for hotels and also movie locations. Another significant improvement is noticeable in Nepal where they are providing discounted packages for travelling places like Kathmandu and similar beautiful areas (Hassan, 2006). Certain amount of improvement is visible in almost all countries of SAARC, but countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh are suffering different issues which are consistently resisting them from promoting their tourism industry. Bangladesh is facing consistent floods and health issues that it is unable to concentrate on its tourism sector. Potential solutions for such countries can be inspired by other countries of SAARC (Alwis, 2009). Pakistan has recently developed its Gwadar Port and beaches, so Pakistan can market these ports in the international market. Furthermore, Pakistan can invest in good promotional techniques like designing a tagline like: Explore Pakistan, similar to that of India: Incredible India. Such promotional techniques would require certain amount of funding which can be generated from the private sector, because at the current stage of the country, the government sector does not seem to be in a condition that they would concentrate on tourism. Eventual ly such efforts could lead towards improvement in Tourism (Alwis, 2009).

Comparing The Withered Arm and An Imaginative Woman :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The Withered Arm and An Imaginative Woman I will be examining two novelettes by a single author, Thomas Hardy. "The Withered Arm" and "An Imaginative Woman". I will be highlighting the similarities and differences between them. Additionally I will be analyzing the content of each. The first thing we notice about the two stories is that they are both written in third person narrative. Another thing we notice about the style of writing in both is that it is very old fashioned, which tells us these novelettes must have been written some time in the 19th century. The main characters in both stories are women. In "The Withered Arm" Gertrude is the main character, and in "An Imaginative Woman" Ella is the main character. The main themes in both stories are fate and irony. This makes both stories very tragic, which intrigues the reader. This is why Thomas Hardy has chosen to write in this style. Although the two stories are set around the same time, they are set in different regions. "An Imaginative Woman" is set in an urban environment and "The Withered Arm" is set in a more rural area. This shows us that Thomas Hardy does make variations in his writing. Capital punishment plays a major part in "The Withered Arm", as Gertrude must place her damaged arm on the neck of a hung criminal, to cure it. "The Withered Arm" also shows a lot of differentiation between the social classes. The reason why Farmer Lodge disowned his son is because Lodge was having an affair with Rhoda at the time, so he was bore of her. She is of a lower social class than he is so he doesn't want people to know he was involved with her. There is much gender discrimination in "An Imaginative Woman". People would have not been generally interested in poetry by a women, so Ella uses a male name for the author of her poems. This makes more people read her work. Incompatibility plays an important part in both stories, but more so in "An Imaginative Woman". Thomas Hardy explains: Marchmill considered his wife's likes and fancies, those smallest greatest particulars that no common denominator could be applied.

NoLag product

For the different budgets related to the NoLag product of JetSet Travel, Inc. (JTI), I would expect to see different items. Below are said budgets and items. But I would like to define what budget is first. Horngren, Datar and Foster (2002) defined budget as the â€Å"[quantitative] expression of a proposed plan of action by management for a specified period and is an aid to coordinating what needs to be done to implement that plan (p. 835). Sales budget. This is usually the staring point for budgeting. The budgeted sales for a future period determines the production and inventory levels which also determine the manufacturing costs of JTI as well as its nonmanufacturing costs for its NoLag product. Items seen in the sales budget are the budgeted selling price for the product, budgeted number of units to be sold, and of course, the budgeted total revenues fro the product. With respect to costs behavior, the items shown in the NoLag sales budget are all variable. That is, these items changes in total in proportion to the number of products to be sold. Purchase budget. This budget identifies the direct materials to be purchased which depends on the budgeted usage of direct materials. Items seen in this budget are the direct materials needed, and under each material the following are specified: Direct materials usage for the period, Target ending inventory for the direct material, Beginning inventory for the direct material, Cost per unit of each of the direct material requirement, and Budgeted direct materials purchases for the period The direct material cost, specifically the direct materials purchase cost is a variable cost. The amount changes relative to the number of direct materials budgeted. Operating expenses budget. This budget included the nonmanufacturing costs related to the NoLag product value chain. Included in this budget are research and development, marketing, distribution, customer-service, and administrative costs. The research and development costs’ behavior – fixed or variable – depends on how management allocates funds to it. If management decides that 10 percent of the total sales budget is to be allocated to research and development, then it is variable – it varies according to the sales budget. The rest of the items under the operating expenses budget exhibit the same characteristics. For example, marketing costs are usually budgeted as a percentage of the sales budget. Capital expenditures budget. This is composed of the investing requirements of JTI with regard to the manufacture of the NoLag product. The expenses here are fixed which includes budgeted purchase amount of new equipments. Cash budgets. The cash budget, according to Horngren, Datar and Foster (2002), â€Å"is a schedule of expected cash receipts and disbursements† (p. 197). Generally, the cash budget has several main sections. Beginning cash balance AND cash receipts. These will form part of the cash available for financing requirements of JTI. Cash receipts come from collections from customers and sales of the NoLag product. Cash disbursements are composed of direct materials purchases, direct labor and other wage and salary outlays, interest on long-term borrowing, income tax payments, and other costs and disbursements. Short-term financing requirements. JTI needs short-term financing requirements if its total cash receipts for the period are less than its total cash disbursements. Ending cash balance. Include considerations for the variable aspects of this product and its sales References Horngren, C. T., Datar, S. M. & Foster, G. (2002). Cost accounting: A managerial emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. APA 1